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☀️ Solaris Shell Basics

Solaris provides a robust enterprise Unix environment with powerful shell capabilities. Understanding Solaris shell fundamentals is essential for effective system administration in enterprise environments.

🎯 Solaris Shell Environment

Shell Options and Default Setup

Solaris supports multiple shell environments with enterprise-focused defaults:

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# Check current shell
echo $SHELL

# Available shells in Solaris
/bin/sh           # POSIX Bourne shell
/usr/bin/ksh      # KornShell (default for many users)
/usr/bin/bash     # GNU Bash (if installed)
/usr/bin/zsh      # Z Shell (if installed)
/usr/xpg4/bin/sh  # X/Open compliant shell

# Check shell versions
ksh --version     # KornShell version
bash --version    # Bash version (if available)

# Shell configuration files
~/.profile        # Login shell configuration
~/.kshrc          # KornShell runtime configuration

Terminal and Console Management

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# Terminal configuration
stty -a           # Display terminal settings
stty sane         # Reset to sane defaults
tabs -8           # Set tab stops

# Console management
who -r            # Run level information
who am i          # Current login information
last              # Last logged in users

# Virtual console switching (SPARC)
eject cdrom       # Eject CD-ROM
poweroff          # Shutdown system

🔧 Basic Command Structure

Standard Unix Commands with Solaris Extensions

Solaris includes both standard Unix commands and Oracle-enhanced versions:

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# File operations
ls -la@                   # List with extended attributes (@)
cp -p file1 file2         # Copy preserving attributes
mv oldname newname        # Move/rename files
rm -f file.txt            # Force remove
mkdir -p path/to/dir      # Create parent directories
rmdir emptydir            # Remove empty directory

# File viewing and editing
cat file.txt              # Display file contents
more file.txt             # Page through file
pg file.txt               # Pager (Solaris specific)
head -20 file.txt         # First 20 lines
tail -20 file.txt         # Last 20 lines
vi file.txt               # Vi editor

# Enhanced file operations
ls -ltra                  # Long format, time sorted, reverse
du -sh *                  # Disk usage summary
df -h                     # Human-readable disk space
find . -name "*.log" -mtime -7  # Find recent log files

Process Management

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# Process viewing
ps -ef                   # All processes (standard format)
ps -eo pid,ppid,uid,args # Custom format
prstat                   # Solaris top-like utility
ptree $$                 # Process tree for current shell

# Process control
kill 1234                # Terminate process
kill -9 1234             # Force kill process
pkill -f "process_name"  # Kill by name pattern
killall process_name     # Kill all matching processes

# Process information
pargs 1234               # Process arguments
pmap 1234                # Process memory map
plimit 1234              # Process resource limits

📋 File System Navigation

Solaris Directory Structure

Solaris follows traditional Unix hierarchy with Oracle-specific additions:

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# Core directories
/                        # Root directory
/usr                     # Secondary hierarchy
/usr/bin                 # User binaries
/usr/sbin                # System binaries
/usr/local               # Local software
/etc                     # System configuration
/var                     # Variable data
/opt                     # Optional software (Oracle packages)
/export                  # Exported filesystems

# Solaris-specific directories
/usr/sfw                 # Solaris Freeware
/usr/ccs                 # Compiler collection
/usr/dt                  # Desktop tools
/usr/openwin             # OpenWindows
/usr/X11                 # X Window system

# System configuration
/etc/vfstab              # Filesystem table (like fstab)
/etc/system              # Kernel parameters
/etc/inet/hosts          # Host name resolution
/etc/default/          # Default configuration files

# Device files
/devices                 # Device tree
/dev                     # Device aliases
/dev/rdsk                # Raw disk devices
/dev/dsk                 # Block disk devices

File Permissions and Attributes

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# View file permissions and attributes
ls -l filename           # Standard permissions
ls -la@ filename         # Extended attributes
ls -lZ filename          # SELinux context (if enabled)

# Permission modification
chmod 755 script.sh      # Set permissions
chmod +x script.sh       # Make executable
chmod -R 755 directory/  # Recursive permissions

# Ownership modification
chown user:group file.txt # Change owner and group
chown user file.txt       # Change owner only
chgrp group file.txt      # Change group only

# Solaris-specific attributes
chmod A+user:permission filename  # ACLs
lsattr filename          # List file attributes
chattr +i filename       # Set immutable attribute

# Permission checking
[ -r file.txt ] && echo "Readable"
[ -w file.txt ] && echo "Writable"
[ -x file.txt ] && echo "Executable"

🌐 Network Operations

Network Configuration and Management

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# Network interface configuration
ifconfig -a              # All interfaces
ifconfig hme0            # Specific interface
ifconfig hme0 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0  # Set IP

# Network services and status
netstat -an              # All network connections
netstat -i               # Interface statistics
netstat -rn              # Routing table

# Solaris network management
svcs network/*           # Network services
svcadm enable network/physical  # Enable network service

# DNS and name resolution
nslookup google.com      # DNS lookup
dig google.com           # Detailed DNS query
getent hosts hostname    # Host name resolution

# Network diagnostics
ping 192.168.1.1         # Basic connectivity
traceroute google.com    # Route tracing
snoop                    # Packet sniffer (Solaris)

Remote Access and File Transfer

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# Secure shell
ssh user@hostname
ssh -i ~/.ssh/key.pem user@host

# Secure copy
scp file.txt user@host:/path/
scp user@host:/path/file.txt .

# Solaris-specific remote tools
rlogin hostname          # Remote login (legacy)
rsh hostname command     # Remote shell (legacy)
rcp file user@host:/path # Remote copy (legacy)

# Network file systems
mount -F nfs server:/path /mnt  # NFS mount
share                    # Show shared resources

🛠️ System Administration

Package and Patch Management

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# Solaris Package Management (SVR4)
pkginfo                  # List installed packages
pkgadd -d package.pkg    # Install package
pkgrm package_name       # Remove package
pkgchk package_name      # Check package integrity

# Solaris 11 IPS (Image Packaging System)
pkg list                 # List installed packages
pkg install package_name # Install package
pkg uninstall package_name # Remove package
pkg update               # Update packages
pkg search keyword       # Search for packages

# Patch management
patchadd patch_id        # Apply patch (Solaris 10 and earlier)
patchrm patch_id         # Remove patch
showrev -p               # Show installed patches

# Solaris 11 updates
pkg update system/kernel  # Update kernel
pkg update               # Update entire system

Service Management (SMF)

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# Service Management Facility (SMF)
svcs                     # List all services
svcs -a                  # List all services (including disabled)
svcs network/ssh         # Check specific service
svcs -l network/ssh      # Detailed service information

# Service control
svcadm enable service_name    # Enable service
svcadm disable service_name   # Disable service
svcadm restart service_name   # Restart service
svcadm refresh service_name   # Refresh service configuration

# Service configuration
svcprop service_name     # Show service properties
svccfg -s service_name setprop property=value  # Set property
svccfg import manifest.xml   # Import service manifest

🎨 Development Environment

Compiler and Build Tools

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# Oracle Developer Studio (formerly Sun Studio)
cc                       # C compiler
CC                       # C++ compiler
f77                      # Fortran 77 compiler
f95                      # Fortran 95 compiler

# GNU tools (if installed)
gcc --version            # GNU C compiler
g++ --version            # GNU C++ compiler
make                     # Standard make
gmake                    # GNU make

# Build automation
cmake                    # CMake (if installed)
ant                      # Apache Ant (Java)
mvn                      # Apache Maven (Java)

# Version control
sccs                     # Source Code Control System (legacy)
svn --version            # Subversion (if installed)
git --version            # Git (if installed)

Scripting and Automation

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# Shell scripting
ksh script.sh            # Execute with KornShell
sh script.sh             # Execute with Bourne shell
bash script.sh           # Execute with Bash (if available)

# System monitoring scripts
sar -u                   # CPU usage statistics
sar -r                   # Memory usage statistics
iostat -x                # I/O statistics
vmstat 5                 # Virtual memory statistics

# Log analysis
logins                   # Show system logins
last                     # Last logged in users
lastb                    # Last bad login attempts

🔍 Advanced Features

ZFS File System

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# ZFS management
zpool list               # List storage pools
zfs list                 # List datasets
zpool status             # Pool status
zpool iostat             # Pool I/O statistics

# ZFS operations
zfs create pool/dataset  # Create dataset
zfs destroy pool/dataset # Destroy dataset
zfs snapshot pool/[email protected]  # Create snapshot
zfs rollback pool/[email protected]  # Rollback to snapshot

# ZFS properties
zfs set compression=lz4 pool/dataset
zfs set quota=10G pool/dataset
zfs get all pool/dataset

Containers and Virtualization

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# Solaris Zones (Containers)
zoneadm list -cv         # List zones
zonecfg -z zonename info # Zone configuration
zoneadm -z zonename boot # Boot zone
zlogin zonename          # Login to zone

# Resource management
prctl $$                 # Process resource controls
projects                 # Project management

🧾 Summary Quick Reference

Essential Commands

Category Command Description
Navigation cd, pwd, ls Directory navigation
Files cp, mv, rm, mkdir File operations
Viewing cat, more, pg File content viewing
Processes ps, prstat, kill Process management
Network ifconfig, netstat, ping Network operations
Packages pkginfo, pkgadd Package management
Services svcs, svcadm Service management

Solaris-Specific Locations

Path Purpose
/etc/vfstab Filesystem table
/etc/system Kernel parameters
/usr/sfw Solaris Freeware
/usr/ccs Compiler collection
/var/svc/manifest SMF manifests
/rpool Default ZFS pool

🧠 Best Practices

Solaris Shell Usage Guidelines

✅ Recommended Practices: - Use SMF for service management - Leverage ZFS for advanced storage features - Utilize Solaris-specific monitoring tools - Follow Oracle's security recommendations - Use proper package management system - Understand privilege separation model

❌ Common Pitfalls to Avoid: - Mixing legacy and modern tools unnecessarily - Ignoring ZFS capabilities - Not using SMF properly - Running services without proper configuration - Disabling security features - Using deprecated administrative interfaces

Enterprise Administration

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# System monitoring
sar -A                   # All system activity
iostat -xn 5             # Extended I/O statistics
vmstat 5                 # Memory and CPU statistics
mpstat 5                 # Per-CPU statistics

# Log management
logadm                   # Log rotation
syslogd                  # System logging daemon
tail -f /var/adm/messages # Follow system log

# Performance tuning
prtconf                  # System configuration
psrinfo                  # Processor information
swap -s                  # Swap space usage

🧾 See Also